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JURIDICAL
FRAGMENTS

FRAGMENTOS
JURÍDICOS

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MULTIDISCIPLINARITY
AND LAW

1. The skill - of (i) solve problems never faced before, and (ii) of provide new solutions to old problems - is a necessity not only of the global market, but, basically, it is a necessity of the human being development.

But what is it needed to have these skills? What kind of professional is able to provide new solutions to old issues and solve new problems, which ones, naturally, are more and more complex over the time and the globalization process?

The first thing which we think is that this kind of professional is an expert, basically, because (i) he knows, in a deep way, the concepts of a specific area of the human knowledge, which, by growing up in a geometrical proportion, demands investment of time; and, consequently, because (ii) by this knowledge, the expert can connect the concepts and take business decisions - aiming a new solution to an old problem or the solution of a problem never faced before - faster than the person that need learn, for the first time, the concepts of a specific area. Nemo Nascitur Artifex (no one born with knowledge of an art).


2. Nevertheless, the extreme expertise can be blind. And when this happens? When the expert don't understands that there is a mutual relation between the different areas of the human knowledge. When the expert don't understand that one area of knowledge can modify another area.

On the contemporaneous world, more and more are needed professionals that can understand two or more areas and the specialties inside these areas; are needed professionals whose can establish new multidimensional concepts, or the understanding of the facts by as many sides as possible.

2.1. Let's take simple examples. First, an example related to different areas inside the Law Area. After, an example related to different areas of the human knowledge.

2.1.1. In advocacy, is not difficult observe, according to the extreme fragmentation between the different technique of Law (which has its genesis at the own pedagogic of legal education), that most professionals have difficulty to realizes the effects that their own actions, in a specific area of expertise, generates on other areas.

An operation of corporate reestructuring, for example, will be more efficient e more secure according with the degree of knowledge in Tax Law which has the Corporate Lawyer who structured the operation. But this degree of knowledge depends, previously, of knowledge of how the areas of Law are related between them, what are the connection points, what are its foundations.

2.2.2. The Contractual Theory of the Political Philosophy is the other example. The concepts of representation, collective entity, checks and balances and sovereign power, that are concepts of the Contractual Theory, are powerful instruments to work with Corporate Law, respectively, to work with the issues of pierce the corporate veil, intra-corporate conflicts, governance corporate and control power.

2.2.3. The Theory of Rational Choice and the Game Theory, additionally, are examples of good instruments to be acquired for negotiation, which is the soul of the lawyer, individual who works with the skill to convince.


3. The professional which is capable to give new solutions to old problems and solve new problems, is not just a legal specialist, but, before, is a person which has a solid formation on Theory of Law and others fundamental areas of the human knowledge, such as Economics, Logic and Philosophy.

RDC 07.31.2009. São Paulo, Brazil.
PDF English / Portuguese Version > PDF.

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THE TIME AS MEASURE OF THE REMUNERATION BY JURIDICAL SERVICES

1. The legal work is a service, and, as any service, the legal work usually is measured by the time.

1.1. The quantification of the total legal fees (remuneration) of a Proposal of Legal Services shall be made, basically, per hour of work and, in some cases, by the profits acquired by the client with the attorney's work, what is usual in litigation area. And, also in this last case, the remuneration of the attorney need be measured by the time, what is necessary to know if the spent hours are bigger or minor than the amount received as part of the client's profits.


2. But if there is a difference on the quality of an attorney to another, how is it possible measuring, correctly, the value of a legal service?

2.1. The value of a legal service must be established according to the time spent to develop a good work.

2.1.1. Good work means work that is sufficient to solve a real problem, the client's problem.

2.2. Consequently, if there is a difference explicit by the quality of each professional, this difference became, by the time spent to solve, with effectiveness, a same case, equality.

2.3. An attorney “A” that spent 10 hours, for example, to build the Regulation of an Investment Fund is not more economically attractive for a client than an attorney “B” that spent 5 hours to do the same work. Efficacy is the key-word. Who has more efficacy is more cheap for the market. If the legal fees for one hour of work is equal for the attorneys above, the client that uses the attorney “B” will pay, exactly, the half of the total price needed to the attorney “A” develop the same work. Observe that the same applies to teams of attorneys.


3. And what make the attorneys be so different? The Education and the Experience. By the Education, the attorney learns to use the reason, by the Experience, the attorney learns to work with the human passions.

RDC 08.28.2009. São Paulo, Brazil.
PDF English / Portuguese Version > PDF.

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ÉTICA, POLÍTICA E DIREITO

"Vale lembrar que o Estado é uma máquina comandada pelo ser humano, o qual está sujeito ao erro ético. A ética, portanto, é o que deve preceder a Política e o Direito. Aristóteles, em livro que dedicou ao seu filho, 'Ética à Nicômaco', já dizia, lembrando Bias (um dos 7 sábios da Grécia): 'a autoridade mostrará o homem'. Acordemos! O problema, antes que na própria estrutura organizacional do Estado, está na conduta ética das pessoas. Educar para os bons costumes é, como a própria frase sugere, e como Aristóteles pretendeu, dedicar aos nossos filhos exemplos pautados na noção de que se deve buscar a preservação do outro (o que se dá por meio de relações equânimes), pois, em última instância, ninguém consegue se desenvolver sozinho neste mundo ('o homem é um animal político'). Ética, Política e Direito são, assim, esferas indissociáveis."

RDC. 22.04.2009. Fragmento Jurídico publicado no Migalhas 2.127, em complemento a crítica "Ticket", publicada no número anterior do mesmo periódico. Acesse o Migalhas.

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PHILOSOPHICAL
FRAGMENTS

FRAGMENTOS
FILOSÓFICOS

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A POLITICAL POINT OF VIEW ABOUT THE LANGUAGE

Certainly, we can say that there is something above the language. Concepts are examples. The word “company” has the same meaning in Portuguese and in English.

The understanding process (of meaning) works with abstract forms that belongs to an ideal world (as Plato said with his Form’s Theory, by which there’s a Perfect World that is reproduced, of a imperfect way, in the Material World and concepts have importance, precisely, because they are in that ideal and formal dimension).

This is why science and religion are possible. The first because the concept has the same value in any place of the material world, the religion because the notion of God also needs the universality of the ideal dimension. Is good to remember that the concepts of God in every religion always have elements like “omnipresent”, “omnipotent”…always something absolute (that is the opposite of particularity).

And the general culture, on the side of science and religion (that is a specific, strict, culture), is too above the language. The language is created and modified by the culture.

But it is simple to verify that the language is necessary, even considering the existence of things above. Without language, we cannot talk, and, consequently, we can not take decisions. Without power to take decisions, society cannot exist. Without society, there’s no science neither any kind of culture.

RDC. 07.06.2008. ArticlesBase. PDF. FLASH.

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SOVEREIGNTY AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Even in a globalized world, is not difficult to check the necessity of the sovereignty’s concept. The application of the criminal law and the sovereign power of expulsion of individuals who enters illegally into the borders of a State show this necessity.

However, the applicability of the sovereign concept shall be seen in a perspective not absolute because the own source of the concept. And is possible to see this since the concept was structured by Bodin and Hobbes, what happened only after the long maturation of disputes between the secular power and temporal power in the Middle Ages.

The sovereign power is established, basically, to protect individuals, residing its source in this protection. Thus, your use needs to respect the human rights, and not matter if they are thought by the rational aspect or the historical aspect.

With regard to the rational aspect, we can say that the relation between the natural law (essential to ensure what we called human rights) and the civil law is of mutualism, i.e., one law depends of the other law to enforce its purpose.

For example, if by one side, the judge only applies a civil law effectively when does in a fair way between the litigation parts, being this way of application of the civil law a commandment dictated by our reason, by the other side, the necessity of any person has a impartial trial only can be, in fact, satisfied by a civil law established and guaranteed by a sovereign power.

Already in relation to the historical aspect, the situation of stateless people at the beginning of the twentieth century shows us that it is impossible to guarantee human rights (envisioned by the rationalist view or by the view of historical assertion view) without guaranteeing the right of citizenship.

Based on these dialectic concepts between human rights and sovereignty, it is reasonable to conclude that who take decisions based on the sovereign power is strictly prohibited to not taking into consideration the human rights, failing which, at worst, can not require compliance with its decision, not permitting, in this way, the own use of sovereignty.

RDC. October, 2008. ArticlesBase and WebArtigos. PDF. FLASH.

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ARE WE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OLD PEOPLE?

When we are children, we don’t have any kind of natural protection and, unlike the others animals, we need to stay with our parents for many years, what, into the contemporary society, is, basically, the necessary time until we can have money to live by ourselves.

This fact shows us the necessity of the whole society take care of old people and, precisely, show the similarity between old people with the children.

In the same way which we do not have conditions to be guided by our own understanding and physical conditions in the firsts ages, the old age takes away from us any intellectual and corporal capacity’s species that we have of be conduced by ourselves. By losing these capabilities we lose the independence into the contemporary society because, basically, we lose the production’s capacity that is required by the market. Consequently, we lose our income.

This is the mechanism that justifies the Social Security against old age and that shows us the importance which the material conditions has, not just for the development of our natural mental and corporal potentialities, but, also, has for minimize the losses of these potentialities into old age.

By an ethical point of view, it is possible to say that the maximum “doing to others, as we would be done to us”, a conduct’s prescription existing in all the religions and defended by some philosophers (as Hobbes into Leviathan, Part II, Chapter XVII*), underwrite the responsible that the society need has for the old people. A good example of this ethical conduct is a video on the Internet that shows a son (which is adult and has serious physical problems) be, literally, carried by his father in a competition of triathlon **.

For last, we can say that the importance of life’s experience that the old people has is very significance for we construct the future, at least, without repeat the errors of the past.

So, yes, we are responsible for the old people.

RDC. August, 2008. PDF (english / português). FLASH.

* “For the Lawes of Nature (as Justice, Equity, Modesty, Mercy, and (in sume) doing to others, as wee would be do to,) of themselves, without the terrour of some Power, to cause them to be observed, are contrary to our naturall Passions, that carry us to Partiality, Pride, Revenge, and the like”. HOBBES, Thomas. Leviathan. Part II. Chapter XVII.

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BIRTH AND DEATH AS MEASURE OF THE TIME

1. MANKIND. HUMAN NATURE. The most deep experiences that a human being can have are related with this two extreme situations: birth and death. Every experience that is between birth and death is life. Birth, death and life are constituted by: happiness (acquisition of feelings); pleasure (acquisition of sensation); sorrow (lost of the object that causes happiness); physical pain (lost of body potentiality).

2. PHYSICS. TIME-SPACE. By the observation of the human nature, we can say that the time for the human beings is binary: operate such as a pendulum, in which each extremity (birth and death) explicit the metric of the time. As the metric also constitute the space, space and time are in a relationship of mutual dependence (you, reader, can count a distance of your birthday, that we call a period of time).

3. PHYSICS AND MANKIND. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. Our present experience depends of this relation time-space to happens. Such as depends the past (which just exist into our mind). The intimacy that make us feel happiness or sorrow is made of and by experience in time and space. The fact that we only feel sorrow, and even pain, by the death of someone close to us, and not any human being that we never live with, is the prove of this. And also depends of this relation time-space the future, that, by the past experiences, is given to us as possible perspective only. When the human being discover the death, born a powerful question, that will put the possibility of the future in action: “What do I want to do until my death?”; or “What do I want to do in my life?”. Happiness, pleasure, sorrow and physical pain will be results, wanted or not, of the answer.

RDC. 01.24.2009. PDF (english / português). FLASH.

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PERSPECTIVES

PERSPECTIVAS

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O USO
PÚBLICO
E O USO
PRIVADO
DA RAZÃO

No final do século XVIII, o filósofo Immanuel Kant estabeleceu duas possibilidades de uso para a razão do ser humano, o uso privado e o uso público.

Pelo uso privado, o advogado e o juiz são operadores do Direito, aplicando as normas dadas pelo ordenamento jurídico para a resolução dos conflitos.

Além disso, por meio de tal uso privado o professor ensina a matéria já estabelecida pela coordenação dos cursos, mostrando as diferentes correntes de pensamento independente de seu posicionamento acerca delas (isto, pelo menos em postura a ser buscada, pois sabemos que é impossível ser imparcial e que o papel do professor se refere mais ao modo de instigar o aluno a ir na própria fonte, para que este realize uma leitura "em primeira mão", e, portanto, com menos interferência).

Já pelo uso público da razão, o advogado e o juiz refletem criticamente sobre as normas, pensando se elas são ou não adequadas para a própria sociedade. Não é uma questão de aplicação de norma existente mas, sim, uma questão de sua reconstrução por meio da crítica. Por conseqüência, também é uma questão de criação de novas normas, tarefa esta que cabe não apenas ao profissional da área do Direito, mas a todo e qualquer cidadão.

Por este uso público da razão, o professor se posiciona pessoalmente a respeito da matéria que ensina, criticando autores e estabelecendo o seu próprio pensamento.

MInha intenção com este site é, justamente, explorar os dois usos da razão.

RDC. 01.10.2008.

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DA LIBERDADE DE CRIAR

Quando olhamos para uma construção do engenho humano, seja ela uma casa ou um contrato, estamos a olhar para o resultado da concretização de uma teoria.

Este resultado é a cristalização da teoria e é por meio dele que se pode verificar e testar as hipóteses previamente levantadas por esta.

Partindo da premissa de que há uma racionalidade na História, podemos dizer que (a) o analisar do processo de desenvolvimento do passado para o presente acaba por engendrar (b) a possibilidade de análise do processo de desenvolvimento do presente para o futuro que desejamos. A teoria é formada com base no passado, mas com vistas para o futuro.

E a liberdade de transformação se encontra justamente neste movimento para o futuro, o qual se dá a partir da negação do que o processo do passado para o presente nos disse que não funcionava, que não nos agradava culturalmente, que nos poderia causar dano.

A liberdade de negar o passado é o que denominamos de criação, a qual deve se dar tanto no sentido do ser humano estar disposto a construir, e de fato construir, melhores casas, quanto no sentido de nós estarmos dispostos a construirmos, e de fato construirmos, melhores valores.

RDC. 20.07.2008.

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ONGOING
RESEARCHES

PESQUISAS
EM ANDAMENTO

CORPORATE LAW
DIREITO SOCIETÁRIO

(i) Construção de artigo: A constituição de Direitos Reais e outros ônus sobre ações de sociedades anônimas: Reflexões multidisciplinares acerca dos Arts. 39 e 40 da Lei das S.A.;

(ii) Estudo do livro "The Anatomy of Corporate Law - A Comparative and Functional Approach".

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
FILOSOFIA POLÍTICA

(i) O Estado enquanto vida artificial e a tridimensionalidade da Paz: Natureza, Direito e Política em Thomas Hobbes (Dissertação de Mestrado).

ACADEMIC FORMATION

* Bachelor of Law - Presbiterian Mackenzie University

* Bachelor of Philosophy - São Paulo University

* Master in Ethics and Political Philosophy - São Paulo University




BUSINESS ATTORNEY

* Experience in Business Law on the advisor areas of Corporate Law and Contracts, with expertise in incorporation, M&A, operations on the capitals market and financial market, draft and execution of structured operations, negotiation of contract.

* Experience in Business Law on the litigation area of Commercial Litigation, with expertise in the planning and execution of procedural stratagems and oral arguments.

* Free researcher (without institutional link) in the area of Business Law, with interests on these subjects and jurists/economists: theory of the firm, theory of agency, power control, corporate governance, investment funds, microcredit, tax principles, Law & Economics, Tullio Ascarelli, Pinto Antunes, Ronald Coase.

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER

* Researcher of USP, in Master Degree, in the area of Ethics and Political Philosophy, with interests on these subjects and thinkers: power, justice, liberty and necessity, sovereignty, natural/human rights, decisionism, state of exception, totalitarism, Aristotle, Hobbes, Carl Schmitt, Hannah Arendt, Giorgio Agamben. >> CV Lattes

FORMAÇÃO

* Formado em Direito pela Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie

* Formado em Filosofia pela Universidade de São Paulo

* Mestrando em Ética e Filosofia Política pela Universidade de São Paulo


ADVOGADO DE BUSINESS LAW

* Experiência em Business Law nas áreas consultivas societária e contratual, com expertise em abertura de empresas, M&A, operações no mercado financeiro e de capitais, desenho e execução de operações estruturadas, negociação de contratos.

* Experiência em Business Law na área contenciosa comercial, com expertise no planejamento e execução de estratagemas processuais e atuação em sustentações orais.

* Pesquisador Livre (sem vínculo institucional), na área de Business Law, com interesse nos seguintes temas e juristas/economistas: teoria da firma, teoria da agência, poder de controle, governança corporativa, fundos de investimento, microcrédito, princípios de tributação, Law & Economics, Tullio Ascarelli, Pinto Antunes, Ronald Coase.

FILÓSOFO POLÍTICO

* Pesquisador da USP, em grau de Mestrado, na área de Ética e Filosofia Política, com interesse nos seguintes temas e pensadores: poder, justiça, liberdade e necessidade, secularização, soberania, direitos naturais/humanos, decisionismo, estado de exceção, totalitarismos, Aristóteles, Hobbes, Carl Schmitt, Hannah Arendt, Giorgio Agamben. >> CV Lattes